Install Browsers For Robotframework On Mac

These instructions cover installing and uninstalling Robot Framework and itspreconditions on different operating systems. If you already have pip installed, it is enough to run:

• Preconditions
• Installing with pip
• Installing from source
• Verifying installation
• Executing Robot Framework

Robot Framework is implemented with Python and supports also Jython (JVM),IronPython (.NET) and PyPy.Before installing the framework, an obvious precondition is installing atleast one of these interpreters.

Pip2.7 install robotframework. Multiple browsers with the. Jenkins installation jenkins json litecoin mac mining optional arguments python rest restful.

Different ways to install Robot Framework itself are listed below and explainedmore thoroughly in the subsequent sections.

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Using pip is the recommended way to install Robot Framework. As thestandard Python package manager it is included in the latest Python,Jython and IronPython versions. If you already have pip available, youcan simply execute:

Note

Prior to Robot Framework 3.0, there were also separate Windowsinstallers for 32bit and 64bit Python versions. Because Python 2.7.9 andnewer contain pip on Windows and Python 3 would have needed twomore installers, it was decided that Windows installers are notcreated anymore. The recommend installation approach also onWindows is using pip.

Robot Framework is supported on Python (both Python 2 and Python 3), Jython(JVM) and IronPython (.NET) and PyPy. The interpreter you want to use shouldbe installed before installing the framework itself.

Which interpreter to use depends on the needed test libraries and testenvironment in general. Some libraries use tools or modules that only workwith Python, while others may use Java tools that require Jython or need.NET and thus IronPython. There are also many tools and libraries that runfine with all interpreters.

If you do not have special needs or just want to try out the framework,it is recommended to use Python. It is the most mature implementation,considerably faster than Jython or IronPython (especially start-up time isfaster), and also readily available on most UNIX-like operating systems.Another good alternative is using the standalone JAR distribution thatonly has Java as a precondition.

Python 2 and Python 3 are mostly the same language, but they are not fullycompatible with each others. The main difference is that in Python 3 allstrings are Unicode while in Python 2 strings are bytes by default, but thereare also several other backwards incompatible changes. The last Python 2release is Python 2.7 that was released in 2010 and will be supported until2020. See Should I use Python 2 or 3? for more information about thedifferences, which version to use, how to write code that works with bothversions, and so on.

Robot Framework 3.0 is the first Robot Framework version to support Python 3.It supports also Python 2, and the plan is to continue Python 2 support aslong as Python 2 itself is officially supported. We hope that authors of thelibraries and tools in the wider Robot Framework ecosystem also start lookingat Python 3 support now that the core framework supports it.

On most UNIX-like systems such as Linux and OS X you have Python installedby default. If you are on Windows or otherwise need to install Python yourself,a good place to start is http://python.org. There you can download a suitableinstaller and get more information about the installation process and Pythonin general.

Robot Framework 3.0 supports Python 2.6, 2.7, 3.3 and newer, but the plan isto drop Python 2.6 and 3.3 support in RF 3.1. If you need to use olderversions, Robot Framework 2.5-2.8 support Python 2.5 and Robot Framework2.0-2.1 support Python 2.3 and 2.4.

After installing Python, you probably still want to configure PATH to makePython itself as well as the robot and rebotrunner scriptsexecutable on the command line.

Tip

Latest Python Windows installers allow setting PATH as part ofthe installation. This is disabled by default, but Add python.exeto Path can be enabled on the Customize Python screen.

Using test libraries implemented with Java or that use Java tools internallyrequires running Robot Framework on Jython, which in turn requires JavaRuntime Environment (JRE) or Java Development Kit (JDK). Installing eitherof these Java distributions is out of the scope of these instructions, butyou can find more information, for example, from http://java.com.

Installing Jython is a fairly easy procedure, and the first step is gettingan installer from http://jython.org. The installer is an executable JARpackage, which you can run from the command line like java -jarjython_installer-<version>.jar. Depending on the system configuration,it may also be possible to just double-click the installer.

Robot Framework 3.0 supports Jython 2.7 which requires Java 7 or newer.If older Jython or Java versions are needed, Robot Framework 2.5-2.8 supportJython 2.5 (requires Java 5 or newer) and Robot Framework 2.0-2.1 supportJython 2.2.

After installing Jython, you probably still want to configure PATH to makeJython itself as well as the robot and rebotrunner scriptsexecutable on the command line.

IronPython allows running Robot Framework on the .NET platform and interacting with C# and other .NETlanguages and APIs. Only IronPython 2.7 is supported in general andIronPython 2.7.9 or newer is highly recommended.

If not using IronPython 2.7.9 or newer and Robot Framework 3.1 or newer,an additional requirement is installingElementTreemodule 1.2.7 preview release. This is required because the ElementTreemodule distributed with older IronPython versions was broken. Once youhave pip activated for IronPython, you can easily install ElementTreeusing this command:

Alternatively you can download the zip package, extract it, and install it byrunning ipy setup.py install on the command prompt in the created directory.

After installing IronPython, you probably still want to configure PATH to makeIronPython itself as well as the robot and rebotrunner scriptsexecutable on the command line.

PyPy is an alternative implementation of the Python language with both Python 2and Python 3 compatible versions available. Its main advantage over thestandard Python implementation is that it can be faster and use less memory,but this depends on the context where and how it is used. If execution speedis important, at least testing PyPY is probably a good idea.

Installing PyPy is a straightforward procedure and you can find both installersand installation instructions at http://pypy.org. After installation youprobably still want to configure PATH to make PyPy itself as well as therobot and rebotrunner scripts executable on the command line.

The PATH environment variable lists locations where commands executed ina system are searched from. To make using Robot Framework easier from thecommand prompt, it is recommended to add the locations where the runnerscripts are installed into the PATH. It is also often useful to havethe interpreter itself in the PATH to make executing it easy.

When using Python on UNIX-like machines both Python itself and scriptsinstalled with should be automatically in the PATH and no extra actionsneeded. On Windows and with other interpreters the PATH must be configuredseparately.

Tip

Latest Python Windows installers allow setting PATH as part ofthe installation. This is disabled by default, but Add python.exeto Path can be enabled on the Customize Python screen. It willadd both the Python installation directory and the Scriptsdirectory to the PATH.

What directories to add to PATH

What directories you need to add to the PATH depends on the interpreter andthe operating system. The first location is the installation directory ofthe interpreter (e.g. C:Python27) and the other is the locationwhere scripts are installed with that interpreter. Both Python and IronPythoninstall scripts to Scripts directory under the installation directoryon Windows (e.g. C:Python27Scripts) and Jython uses bindirectory regardless the operating system (e.g. C:jython2.7.0bin).

Notice that the Scripts and bin directories may not be createdas part of the interpreter installation, but only later when Robot Frameworkor some other third party module is installed.

Setting PATH on Windows

On Windows you can configure PATH by following the steps below. Noticethat the exact setting names may be different on different Windows versions,but the basic approach should still be the same.

1. Open Control Panel > System > Advanced > Environment Variables. Thereare User variables and System variables, and the difference betweenthem is that user variables affect only the current users, whereas systemvariables affect all users.
2. To edit an existing PATH value, select Edit and add;<InstallationDir>;<ScriptsDir> at the end of the value (e.g.;C:Python27;C:Python27Scripts). Note that the semicolons (;) areimportant as they separate the different entries. To add a new PATHvalue, select New and set both the name and the value, this time withoutthe leading semicolon.
3. Exit the dialog with Ok to save the changes.
4. Start a new command prompt for the changes to take effect.

Notice that if you have multiple Python versions installed, the executedrobot or rebotrunner script will always use the one that isfirst in the PATH regardless under what Python version that script isinstalled. To avoid that, you can always execute the installed robot moduledirectly like C:Python27python.exe -m robot.

Notice also that you should not add quotes around directories you add intothe PATH (e.g. 'C:Python27Scripts'). Quotes can cause problems withPython programs and they are not neededin this context even if the directory path would contain spaces.

Setting PATH on UNIX-like systems

On UNIX-like systems you typically need to edit either some system wide or userspecific configuration file. Which file to edit and how depends on the system,and you need to consult your operating system documentation for more details.

If you are installing with pip and are behind a proxy, you need to setthe https_proxy environment variable. It is needed both when installingpip itself and when using it to install Robot Framework and other Pythonpackages.

How to set the https_proxy depends on the operating system similarly asconfiguring PATH. The value of this variable must be an URL of the proxy,for example, http://10.0.0.42:8080.

The standard Python package manager is pip, but there are also otheralternatives such as Buildout and easy_install. These instructionsonly cover using pip, but other package managers ought be able to installRobot Framework as well.

Latest Python, Jython, IronPython and PyPy versions contain pip bundled in.Which versions contain it and how to possibly activate it is discussed insections below. See pip project pages if for the latest installationinstructions if you need to install it.

Note

Robot Framework 3.1 and newer are distributed as wheels, but earlier versions are available onlyas source distributions in tar.gz format. It is possible to installboth using pip, but installing wheels is a lot faster.

Note

Only Robot Framework 2.7 and newer can be installed using pip. If youneed an older version, you must use other installation approaches.

Starting from Python 2.7.9, the standard Windows installer by default installsand activates pip. Assuming you also have configured PATH and possiblyset https_proxy, you can run pip install robotframework right afterPython installation. With Python 3.4 and newer pip is officially part of theinterpreter and should be automatically available.

Outside Windows and with older Python versions you need to install pip yourself.You may be able to do it using system package managers like Apt or Yum on Linux,but you can always use the manual installation instructions found from the pipproject pages.

If you have multiple Python versions with pip installed, the version that isused when the pip command is executed depends on which pip is first in thePATH. An alternative is executing the pip module using the selected Pythonversion directly:

Jython 2.7 contain pip bundled in, but it needs to be activated before using itby running the following command:

Jython installs its pip into <JythonInstallation>/bin directory.Does running pip install robotframework actually use it or possibly someother pip version depends on which pip is first in the PATH. An alternativeis executing the pip module using Jython directly:

IronPython 2.7.5 and newer contain pip bundled in. With IronPython 2.7.9 andnewer pip also works out-of-the-box, but with earlier versions it needs to beactivated with ipy -m ensurepip similarly as with Jython.

With IronPython 2.7.7 and earlier you need to use -X:Frames command lineoption when activating pip like ipy -X:Frames -m ensurepip and alsowhen using it. Prior to IronPython 2.7.9 there were problems creatingpossible start-up scripts when installing modules. Using IronPython 2.7.9is highly recommended.

IronPython installs pip into <IronPythonInstallation>/Scripts directory.Does running pip install robotframework actually use it or possibly someother pip version depends on which pip is first in the PATH. An alternativeis executing the pip module using IronPython directly:

Also PyPy contains pip bundled in. It is not activated by default, but it canbe activated similarly as with the other interpreters:

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If you have multiple Python versions with pip installed, the version that isused when the pip command is executed depends on which pip is first in thePATH. An alternative is executing the pip module using PyPy directly:

Once you have pip installed, and have set https_proxy if you are behinda proxy, using pip on the command line is very easy. The easiest way to usepip is by letting it find and download packages it installs from thePython Package Index (PyPI), but it can also install packagesdownloaded from the PyPI separately. The most common usages are shown belowand pip documentation has more information and examples.

Notice that pip 1.4 and newer will only install stable releases by default.If you want to install an alpha, beta or release candidate, you need to eitherspecify the version explicitly or use the --pre option:

Notice that on Windows pip, by default, does not recreate robot.bat andrebot.bat start-up scripts if the same Robot Framework version is installedmultiple times using the same Python version. This mainly causes problemswhen using virtual environments, but is something to take into accountalso if doing custom installations using pip. A workaround if using the--no-cache-dir option like pip install --no-cache-dir robotframework.Alternatively it is possible to ignore the start-up scripts altogether andjust use python -m robot and python -m robot.rebot commands instead.

This installation method can be used on any operating system with any of thesupported interpreters. Installing from source can sound a bit scary, butthe procedure is actually pretty straightforward.

You typically get the source code by downloading a source distribution fromPyPI. Starting from Robot Framework 3.1 the source distribution is a zippackage and with earlier versions it is in tar.gz format. Once you havedownloaded the package, you need to extract it somewhere and, as a result,you get a directory named robotframework-<version>. The directory containsthe source code and a setup.py script needed for installing it.

An alternative approach for getting the source code is cloning project'sGitHub repository directly. By default you will get the latest code, butyou can easily switch to different released versions or other tags.

Robot Framework is installed from source using Python's standard setup.pyscript. The script is in the directory containing the sources and you can runit from the command line using any of the supported interpreters:

The setup.py script accepts several arguments allowing, for example,installation into a non-default location that does not require administrativerights. It is also used for creating different distribution packages. Runpython setup.py --help for more details.

Robot Framework is also distributed as a standalone Java archive that containsboth Jython and Robot Framework and only requires Java a dependency. It isan easy way to get everything in one package that requires no installation,but has a downside that it does not work with the normal Python interpreter.

The package is named robotframework-<version>.jar and it is availableon the Maven central. After downloading the package, you can execute testswith it like:

If you want to post-process outputs using Rebot or use other built-insupporting tools, you need to give the command name rebot, libdoc,testdoc or tidy as the first argument to the JAR file:

For more information about the different commands, execute the JAR withoutarguments.

In addition to the Python standard library and Robot Framework modules, thestandalone JAR versions starting from 2.9.2 also contain the PyYAML dependencyneeded to handle yaml variable files.

If you do not want to use any automatic way of installing Robot Framework,you can always install it manually following these steps:

1. Get the source code. All the code is in a directory (a package in Python)called robot. If you have a source distribution or a versioncontrol checkout, you can find it from the src directory, but youcan also get it from an earlier installation.
2. Copy the source code where you want to.
3. Decide how to run tests.

After a successful installation, you should be able to execute the createdrunner scripts with --version option and get both Robot Frameworkand interpreter versions as a result:

If running the runner scripts fails with a message saying that the command isnot found or recognized, a good first step is double-checking the PATHconfiguration. If that does not help, it is a good idea to re-read relevantsections from these instructions before searching help from the Internet oras asking help on robotframework-users mailing list orelsewhere.

When an automatic installer is used, Robot Framework source code is copiedinto a directory containing external Python modules. On UNIX-like operatingsystems where Python is pre-installed the location of this directory varies.If you have installed the interpreter yourself, it is normallyLib/site-packages under the interpreter installation directory, forexample, C:Python27Libsite-packages. The actual RobotFramework code is in a directory named robot.

Robot Framework runner scripts are created and copied into anotherplatform-specific location. When using Python on UNIX-like systems, theynormally go to /usr/bin or /usr/local/bin. On Windows andwith Jython and IronPython, the scripts are typically either in Scriptsor bin directory under the interpreter installation directory.

The easiest way to uninstall Robot Framework is using pip:

A nice feature in pip is that it can uninstall packages even if they areinstalled from the source. If you do not have pip available or have donea manual installation to a custom location, you need to find where filesare installed and remove them manually.

If you have set PATH or configured the environment otherwise, you need toundo those changes separately.

If you are using pip, upgrading to a new version requires either specifyingthe version explicitly or using the --upgrade option. If upgradingto a preview release, --pre option is needed as well.

When using pip, it automatically uninstalls previous versions beforeinstallation. If you are installing from source, it should be safe tojust install over an existing installation. If you encounter problems,uninstallation before installation may help.

When upgrading Robot Framework, there is always a change that the new versioncontains backwards incompatible changes affecting existing tests or testinfrastructure. Such changes are very rare in minor versions like 2.8.7 or2.9.2, but more common in major versions like 2.9 and 3.0. Backwardsincompatible changes and deprecated features are explained in the releasenotes, and it is a good idea to study them especially when upgrading toa new major version.

Starting from Robot Framework 3.0, tests are executed using the robotscript and results post-processed with the rebot script:

Both of these scripts are installed as part of the normal installation andcan be executed directly from the command line if PATH is set correctly.They are implemented using Python except on Windows where they are batch files.

Older Robot Framework versions do not have the robot script and therebot script is installed only with Python. Instead they have interpreterspecific scripts pybot, jybot and ipybot for test execution andjyrebot and ipyrebot for post-processing outputs. These scripts stillwork, but they will be deprecated and removed in the future.

An alternative way to run tests is executing the installed robot moduleor its sub module robot.run directly using Python's -m command lineoption. This is especially useful if Robot Framework is used with multiplePython versions:

The support for python -m robot approach is a new feature in RobotFramework 3.0, but the older versions support python -m robot.run.The latter must also be used with Python 2.6.

Post-processing outputs using the same approach works too, but the module toexecute is robot.rebot:

If you know where Robot Framework is installed, you can also execute theinstalled robot directory or the run.py file inside itdirectly:

Running the directory is a new feature in Robot Framework 3.0, but the olderversions support running the robot/run.py file.

Post-processing outputs using the robot/rebot.py file works the sameway too:

Executing Robot Framework this way is especially handy if you have donea manual installation.

Python virtual environments allow Python packages to be installed inan isolated location for a particular system or application, rather thaninstalling all packages into the same global location. Virtual environmentscan be created using the virtualenv tool or, starting from Python 3.3,using the standard venv module.

Robot Framework in general works fine with virtual environments. The onlyproblem is that when using pip on Windows, robot.bat and rebot.batscripts are not recreated by default. This means that if Robot Framework isinstalled into multiple virtual environments, the robot.bat andrebot.bat scripts in the latter ones refer to the Python installationin the first virtual environment. A workaround is using the --no-cache-diroption when installing. Alternatively the start-up scripts can be ignoredand python -m robot and python -m robot.rebot commands used instead.